First football helmet for college football

American History Textbook
This textbook contained a lot of good information on what was happening in this time period besides college football. People were having more leisure time than ever before and didn't know what to do with it, that's why football games were so popular to audiences and men.
Timeline History of Football Pads
This site shows a lot about how dangerous football used to be. The pads were very thin and they didn't even wear helmets until 1915. It shows how pads changed over time and became more thick because of the dangers.
Journal of Sport History (Spring 1993)
This Journal had a lot of good information about how dangerous football was. It talks a lot about a formation called the "flying wedge" and how effective it was against teams but at the same time how dangerous it was. The journal was very detailed and helped me get some information i couldn't find about the specifics of the "flying wedge".
History of Football Dangers
This New York Times post wrote about how people tried to make football more of an official sport and made it more safe. It also shows how much people cared about keeping it the same because it wasn't "manly"if they passed the ball or no one was injured.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
The NCAA was founded in 1906 to try and make football safer for all the players. The NCAA changed the rules and gave football a structure. I found some good information I needed on the NCAA that I needed to explain how they tried to make the game safer.

Football Players in 1904-1905 in the "flying wedge" formation without helmets

Theodore Roosevelt who had a lot to do with the improving the safety of football

      The dangers of College football when it was first played, were mostly overlooked because of the demand for leisure activities and the masculinity and toughness that men wanted to have. Football is a very dangerous sport especially after the creation of the “flying wedge” and the sport was almost discontinued after multiple deaths but it has a lot to do with the character of men. Football was a huge part of the 1880-1920s because of how popular it became.

      Football attracted many men to watch and play because of the great amount of leisure time they had which they weren’t used to before. The salaries of middle class people and working class people rose very quickly during this time period. Industrial workers came up with this slogan “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, and eight hours for what we will.” Men weren’t used to all this leisure time, and most men wouldn't want to go shopping with the women, so they had to find something else to do. That’s why football easily attracted many men because it was something to do because women had many things to do with the new chain stores and mass marketing. Another huge reason that football was such an attractive pastime  to so many men wasn’t only because of there new amounts of leisure time but also because men loved to be masculine and “manly”

      To be masculine was everything to the men, that’s why football was so appealing to the men of this time period. Like Theodore Roosevelt once said, “A leader can’t be efficient unless he’s manly.” This shows that the leaders of them promoted manliness as a huge necessity for men and that they wouldn’t be able to achieve anything without it. Thorpe who was the gold standard of all-around athletic performance for generations also exemplified the manliness that men wanted. He kicked four field goals in a game even with his leg injured very badly and just fought through the huge amount of pain. Later he was asked if he ever worried about injuries in football, which he reportedly replied asking how it was even possible to get injured in football. But football injures began to worsen especially when the “flying wedge was created

      Football when it was first created was more dangerous than ever because the lack of pads and helmets and also because the rules were not completely set in stone. Football players only wore very thin shoulder pads that were created in 1877 that barely protected them and had no helmets until 1915. Once the “flying wedge” was created, football got a lot more dangerous. In the season after it was created 20 football players were killed and hundreds were severely injured. The “flying wedge” was a formation where ten men would make a “V” formation and would sprint at full speed and hit one defender with the ball carrier right behind. This play was almost always very effective and couldn't be stopped until a huge gain of yards. Because of the massive amount of injuries that the flying wedge brought fourth many safety measures were soon created to try and make the game safer.

      Football being so dangerous and “manly” was great but at the same time it still needed to be a little safer. Some colleges and universities wanted to discontinue the sport because of the many injures and even some deaths. Theodore Roosevelt said “I would a hundred fold rather keep the game as it is now, with brutality, than give it up.” Theodore was obviously a huge promoter of manliness and of football but he also knew that the game had to take some safety measurements. He gathered college athletic leaders to get together and talk about how to make the game safer, and they created the NCAA (National College Athletic Association). This organization created many rules and gave the sport a back bone. It banded the diving tackles and a certain number of players had to be on the line of scrimmage. A NY times post talked about how safe football is today compared to 1910. The post talked about how recently football mad a decision to punish players for helmet-to-helmet hits because of the chance of a concussion, while in 1910 rules were changed because of horrifying deaths.

      Football is a very dangerous sport but the danger is part of it. “Men will be Men” and they will look past all the dangers because it’s what men are expected to do.

What does Carnegie seem to have believed would be the best way to improve the lives of other people, and how can you tell?  

What is your opinion of this approach?  What is a counter argument?  

If you had hundreds of millions of dollars to give away, what would you do?

He seemed to have believed that the best way to improve the lives of others would be to donate money to organizations promoting education and science instead of giving money to people hoping they would do something important and helpful with it. He also believed that the best way to improve the lives of others was to donate money to people who died or was injured trying to save the lives of others.

I like his idea because it does more than just helping a few people but instead he helps the united states because he donates it to large organizations. A counter argument would be that not only to send money to people who act heroically but instead to people who are benefitting the economy. But i don't agree because people who lose things acting heroically deserve something.

If I had hundreds of millions of dollars to giveaway, I would form and organization that helps kids pay for their college tuition. But the organization wouldn't pay for kids who don't try. The kids would have to give an effort and try in school, And try to be successful in life, or it would all go to waste.

Eddie Aikau became a huge part in the shaping of Native Hawaiians  He influenced and brought pride back to the Native Hawaiians through his surfing and love of helping others. He showed non-native Hawaiians that he and his people were just as capable of surfing as they were. Eddie was a great representative of Native Hawaiians because of how he came from almost nothing then started to compete at the highest level in surfing, also showed the non-natives that the Native Hawaiians were still there and could still surf, and that he took pride in saving people and helping others.

Eddie influenced Native Hawaiians by his surfing in many ways because he persevered through his hardships. He came from a very poor family and he would go down to the beach and ride on tiny board whenever he could and eventually became very good at it. He later discovered surfboards and fell in love with surfing and would try and surf everyday. He later dropped out of school in the 11^th grade because he couldn't sit in the class room all day anymore so he could work and in his free time go down to the beach and surf. He became very good at surfing, but was still not invited to the Duke competition because no Native Hawaiians were thought to be good at surfing anymore. The Duke saw him surfing one day and noticed how good he was at it, and asked why he wasn't invited to the competition, so the next year he was. He placed 6^th place in the 1966 Duke and Native Hawaiians were very proud. He continued to go back to the Duke and came very close to winning many times which inspired Native Hawaiian surfers that they had a chance to do something big, including Eddie's younger brother Clide. Eddie really influenced many Native Hawaiians by persevering, and also showing non-natives that the Native Hawaiians were still there and could surf just as good and better as the non-natives could.

Americans coming into Hawaii didn't care about Hawaiians and treated them like they were unwanted. Americans patronized Native Hawaiians and would move them around for new hotels and buildings. Americans also began to take over the surfing industry, by putting only Americans in all the surfing movies and only inviting Americans to the Duke competition. Eddie Aikau became a huge part of changing that. He competed against them at the biggest surfing competition and brought a lot of the pride back to the Native Hawaiians that was destroyed by all the immigration from America and Australia  He showed people that the Natives still own the place and gained the respect of many people. He also showed the Natives that there was still some things they could be proud of even though non-natives were taking over the land. Eddie brought the pride back to his Native people by not only his surfing but with his character and by caring for others.

Eddie brought the pride back to his Native Hawaiians by risking his life for others and doing anything in his ability to save others. Eddie was the first lifeguard at Waimea Bay and attempted over 500 rescues and didn't lose one person. He would risk his life for anyone while he was on lifeguard duty no matter the race, age, religion, he didn't care. Once he saved 2 Australian surfers from being murdered by a group of angry Native Hawaiians by warning them ahead of time and calling a peace negotiation. But his biggest act of bravery happened while he was on the Hokule'a, which was a round trip voyage from the Tahitian chain to Hawaii and back, to retrace the ancient Polynesian migration. This voyage was very important to Eddie and other Native Hawaiians because it was there ancestral history. During the voyage the Hokule'a encountered a huge storm and capsized leaving the crew stranded in the middle of the ocean with no way of communicating with either island. Eddie bravely volunteered to paddle on a paddle board to go find help, and was never seen again. He meant so much to Hawaii and the largest air-sea search in Hawaiian history was launched in search of him. When the search was finally stopped a memorial was mounted for him at Waimea Bay Park in honor of how much he meant to his Hawaii. Eddie really connected his Hawaiian natives with new Hawaiian residences and influenced the Native Hawaiians.

Eddie Aikau brought pride back to Native Hawaiians through his surfing and great acts of bravery. He was loved by Hawaiians and was greatly missed after he wasn't found. Native Hawaiians will always remember what Eddie did and how he gave the Natives something to finally be proud of.

30 for 30 -This documentary really helped me tie all my information together and get a full understanding of his life and really how much he meant to his people. It had clips of him surfing and told many different stories that helped prove my point of Eddie being very influencial to Native Hawaiians.

Hawaii History - This website helped give me some background information on the history of Hawaii that helped explain what Eddie was going through with all the american immigration.
Hawaii Voyage - This website helped me get a lot more information on the Hokule'a voyage. It told me why it was luanched what was supposed to happen and what it meant to the people who were invited to ride on it.

Biography - This Biography helped me at the beginning of my research to get a quick overview of his life and major events that went on through his life including the Hokule'a.

Quiksilver -  This website helped me learn a lot about Eddies life not only for surfing but about his family and what he liked to do. This website gave a lot of visuals which helped me to understand it a lot better and mad it easy to navigate.

Hall Blake's History Animoto

This is my history video on Animoto about what pictures describe the U.S.A. to me.
America